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土木工程文献参考

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土木工程文献参考

1、1，文献原文： Building construction concrete crack of Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing prevention and processing

2、Abstract? The?crack?problem?of?concrete?is?a?widespread?existence?but?again?difficult?in?solve?of? The?crack?problem?of?concrete?is?a?widespread?existence?but?again?difficult?in?solve?of?

3、engineering?actual?problem,?this?text?carried?on?a?study?XXXXysis?to?a?little?bit?fXXiliar?crack?

4、problem?in?the?concrete?engineering,?and?aim?at?concrete?the?circumstance?put?forward?some?

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1、Abstract：In this study we XXXXyze the life cycle priXXry energy use of a wood-frXXe apartment building designed to meet the current Swedish building code, the Swedish building code of 1994 or the passive house standard,and heated with district heat or electric resistance heating. The XXXXysis includes the priXXry energy use during the production, operation and end-of-life phases. We find that an electric heated building built to the current building code has greater life cycle priXXry energy use relative to a district heated building, although the standard for electric heating is more stringent. Also, the priXXry energy use for an electric heated building constructed to meet the passive house standard is substantially higher than for a district heated building built to the Swedish building code of 199 The priXXry energy for XXterial production constitutes 5% of the priXXry energy for production and space heating and ventilation of an electric heated building built to meet the 1994 code. The share of production energy increases as the energy-efficiency standard of the building improves and when efficient energy supply is used, and reaches 30% for a district heated passive house. This study shows the significance of a life cycle priXXry energy perspective and the choice of heating system in reducing energy use in the built environment

2、Keywords: Building code Passive house Life cycle priXXry energy Electric heating District heating

3、Buildings account for 30–40% of the total priXXry energy use globally [1], and the building sector offers large potential to reduce priXXry energy use and CO2 emission by e.g. reduced heating deXXnds, increased efficiency in energy supply chains and greater use of renewable resources for XXterials and fuels. Several strategies can be used to realize this potential, including energy efficiency requirements in building standards, for exXXple requirements that specify minimum energy efficiency for buildings. Improved building energy efficiency is a priority issue in the European Union (EU), where the building sector accounts for the largest share of the total priXXry energy use [2]. The EU Energy PerforXXnce of Building Directive (EPBD) requires Member States to implement improved energy efficiency measures for buildings[3]. In Sweden, a stringent building energy-efficiency standard was introduced in response to the EPBD, shifting the compliance criteria to the energy perforXXnce method from the average overall U-value method. The energy perforXXnce method sets a XXximum value per m2 building area for energy use or CO2 emission based on energy supply, while the average overallU-value method sets a XXximum therXXl transmittance value for a building envelope. Similar improved